ImageIO, the infamous iOS Zero Click Attack Vector.
ImageIO is Apple’s Framework that handles image parsing, which exposes 0click attack surface
Months after reading this blog post from Google Project Zero about fuzzing ImageIO, I used LLDB to examine the testHeader functions, it turned out there are three new testHeader functions for different file formats.
such as KTX2 and WebP and ETC, so because they were fairly new I thought maybe they have not been fuzzed by Project Zero.
1.30: where = ImageIO`IIO_Reader_KTX2::testHeader(unsigned char const*, unsigned long, __CFString const*), address = 0x00007ff8134cecc2, resolved, hit count = 5
1.26: where = ImageIO`IIO_Reader_WebP::testHeader(unsigned char const*, unsigned long, __CFString const*), address = 0x00007ff81341f368, resolved, hit count = 0
1.31: where = ImageIO`IIO_Reader_ETC::testHeader(unsigned char const*, unsigned long, __CFString const*), address = 0x00007ff8134dd1c6, resolved, hit count = 2
KTX2 is a relatively new specification introduced after the Project Zero fuzzing efforts. Arguably, its source code is also new. Further information about KTX2 can be found in its specification document here: khronos.org.
Although WebP has not been fuzzed by Project Zero, it is fuzzed with Google OSS-Fuzz. So I decided not to compete with Google’s fuzzer in this regard.
Another important issue I noticed was that in the Project Zero’s blog, ImageIO was using OpenEXR, but in my test, ImageIO was using Apple’s closed-source new implementation of EXR in libAppleEXR.dylib. Therefore, I decided to fuzz these two file formats, EXR and KTX2.
the Samuel Groß has modifed Honggfuzz to have a binary Coverage-guided fuzzing. but I ported Project Zero’s harness to Jackalope fuzzer (awesome project thanks to Ivan Fratric), also I used initWithData method of NSImage and in-memory fuzzing option of Jackalope to make the fuzzing faster.
I managed to find lots of KTX2 sample files in the following pages:
- https://github.com/donmccurdy/KTX-Parse/tree/main/test/data/reference
- https://github.com/KhronosGroup/KTX-Software
you can also use DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES=/usr/lib/libgmalloc.dylib to increase the change of finding more bugs.
My fuzzing effort found several vulnerabilities, you can see them in my CVEs page
#include <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#include <Foundation/NSURL.h>
#include <dlfcn.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#import <ImageIO/ImageIO.h>
#import <AppKit/AppKit.h>
#import <CoreGraphics/CoreGraphics.h>
#define MAX_SAMPLE_SIZE 1000000
#define SHM_SIZE (4 + MAX_SAMPLE_SIZE)
unsigned char *shm_data;
int setup_shmem(const char *name)
{
int fd;
// get shared memory file descriptor (NOT a file)
fd = shm_open(name, O_RDONLY, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
if (fd == -1)
{
printf("Error in shm_open\n");
return 0;
}
// map shared memory to process address space
shm_data = (unsigned char *)mmap(NULL, SHM_SIZE, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
if (shm_data == MAP_FAILED)
{
printf("Error in mmap\n");
return 0;
}
return 1;
}
extern bool CGRenderingStateGetAllowsAcceleration(void*);
extern bool CGRenderingStateSetAllowsAcceleration(void*, bool);
extern void* CGContextGetRenderingState(CGContextRef);
void dummyLogProc() { }
extern void HF_ITER(uint8_t** buf, size_t* len);
extern void ImageIOSetLoggingProc(void*);
void __attribute__ ((noinline)) fuzz_image() {
char *sample_bytes = NULL;
uint32_t sample_size = 0;
// read the sample either from file or
// shared memory
sample_size = *(uint32_t *)(shm_data);
if(sample_size > MAX_SAMPLE_SIZE) sample_size = MAX_SAMPLE_SIZE;
sample_bytes = (char *)malloc(sample_size);
memcpy(sample_bytes, shm_data + sizeof(uint32_t), sample_size);
NSData* content = [NSData dataWithBytes:sample_bytes length:sample_size];
free(sample_bytes)
NSImage* img = [[NSImage alloc] initWithData:content];
// NSImage *img = [[NSImage alloc]initWithContentsOfFile:objcstring];
if (img == nil) {
NSLog(@"image nil");
}
CGImageRef cgImg = [img CGImageForProposedRect:nil context:nil hints:nil];
if (cgImg) {
size_t width = CGImageGetWidth(cgImg);
size_t height = CGImageGetHeight(cgImg);
CGColorSpaceRef colorspace = CGColorSpaceCreateDeviceRGB();
CGContextRef ctx = CGBitmapContextCreate(0, width, height, 8, 0, colorspace, 1);
void* renderingState = CGContextGetRenderingState(ctx);
CGRenderingStateSetAllowsAcceleration(renderingState, false);
CGRect rect = CGRectMake(0, 0, width, height);
CGContextDrawImage(ctx, rect, cgImg);
CGColorSpaceRelease(colorspace);
CGContextRelease(ctx);
CGImageRelease(cgImg);
}
[img release];
}
int main(int argc, const char* argv[]) {
NSError* err = 0;
if(argc < 2) {
NSLog(@"need an image file");
return 0;
}
if(!setup_shmem(argv[1])) {
printf("Error mapping shared memory\n");
}
ImageIOSetLoggingProc(&dummyLogProc);
fuzz_image();
return 0;
}